Quiz #1 Preparation (Friday May 20)
- Define the 'Unified Cell Theory'.
- What three features distinguish prokaryote and eukaryote cells?
- What is endosymbiosis and what organelles are endosymbionts?
- What are 'Model Organisms? What are the common names for the following species or genera?
- Drosophila
- Arabidopsis
- Xenopus
- S. cerevisiae
- C. elegans
- What advantage does phase-contrast microscopy have over bright field microscopy?
- What property of the cell does FRAP measure?
- What does FRET tell us about two proteins?
- How would differential centrifugation help us isolate a single organelle?
- Define polymer, using the terms 'monomer' and 'dehydration synthesis'.
- Distinguish between monosaccharide, oligosaccharide and polysaccharide.
- What is the difference between a ketose and aldose, in terms of the location of the carboxyl (C=O) group?
- What is the difference in structure between a polysaccharide that only contains alpha-1-4 glycosidic bonds and a polysasccharide that has both a1-4- and a1-6 glycosidic bonds?
- Among adenine, thymine uracil, cytosine and guanine, which ones are purines and which ones are pyrimidines?
- What does it mean for DNA to be antiparallel?
- What does it mean for DNA sequences to be complementary?
- What amino acid is important in forming covalent disulfide bonds between polypeptides?
- How do cis-double bonds in the hydrovarbon chain of fatty acids alter the shape of the fatty acid?
- Name two lipids that do not have glycerol in their structure.
- In the fluid-mosaic model, what is 'fluid' and what is 'mosaic'?
Quiz #2 Preparation (Friday June 3)
- In the polymerase chain reaction, what is the purpose of:
- Primers?
- dNTP?
- Taq polymerase?
- Incubation at 95'C, 60'C and 72'C?
- What is a Southern Blot? a Northern blot? a Western blot?
- How might you label DNA for use as a probe in the Southern blot?
- What is the probe used in a Western blot?
- What element does an expression vector have, just upstream of the polylinker, that makes it distinct from a sequencing vector?
- What is a lentivirus and might it be used in gene therapy?
- What is RNA interference?
Quiz #3 Preparation (Friday June 17)
- In B-cells, how do Rag proteins allow us to make an incredibly large number of uniquely shaped antibodies?
- What is a transposon and what is the difference between type I and type II transposons?
- Where would you find a 'TATA box'? What is the relationship between sigma factor, RNA polymerase and the TATA box?
- What kind of structure do palindromic DNA repeats form, that are important in terminating transcription?
- What is an operon?
- What intracellular signaling molecule induces CAP to stimulate expression of the lac operon?
- What role does each of the following regulators have in regulation of transcription? (a) P-TEFb; (b) histone acetylase; (c) Histone deacetylase; siRNA/RITS
- Name one region of the chromosome whose structure is determined by epigenetic inheritance.
- What are the three ways in which mRNA is processed in eukaryotes? Which two of these mechanisms is involved in mRNA stability and which one is responsible for mRNA diversity?
Quiz #4 Preparation (Friday July 8)
- What is the sequence on prokaryotic mRNA that causes the ribosome to bind? What does the eukaryotic ribosome bind?
- What is usually the first amino acid added to a polypeptide? What is the RNA codon for this amino acid?
- What does a release factor do?
- Where are the two cytoplasmic locations where translation occurs?
- How to frog eggs store mRNA?
- What is the main function of a chaperone protein?
- Which form of glycosylation (N-linked or O-linked) initiates in the ER?
- How does dimerization of the cAMP-dependent kinase block its enzymatic activity? What does a kinase do?
- What is ubiquitin and how does it regulate protein expression?
- What are lamins and what function do they perform?
- Which is normally at higher concentration in the nucleus, Ran-GDP or Ran-GTP?
- If a cargo protein binds Ran-GDP, would you expect it to be imported or exported from the nucleus?
- What is one of the two names for the normal mRNA nuclear export pathway?
- What is the main function of the nucleolus?
- Are ribsomes of the rough ER most likely to synthesize proteins for the outer surface or the inner surface of the cell? Or is it equally likely to make proteins for both surfaces?
- What is the function of calreticulin?
- What is the function of flippase in the smooth ER?
- Which of the following is the most likely destination for vesicles with COPII on their surface: ER, ERGIC/Golgi or cell membrane?
Quiz #5 Preparation (Friday July 22)
- Define "sarcomere".
- Why is most of the sarcomere I-band darker in colour than the I-band, when viewed under electron microscopy?
- What is a "power stroke" in the context of the microfilament?
- What is the main difference between a sarcoplasmic reticulum and the endoplasmic reticulum?
- What is meant by the term "dynamic instability" of microtubules?
- How are microtubules oriented in the neuronal dendrite? How are they oriented in the neuronal axon?
- What is the difference between dynein and kinesin motors?
- Describe Anaphase A.
- Describe Anaphase B.
- What does it mean for intermediate filaments to be apolar?
- What is the difference between a desmosome and a hemidesmosome?
- Name two phospholipids that are normally found mostly on the extracellular leaflet of the plasma membrane.
- Why is phosphotidyl serine found mostly on the inner leaflet of the cell and what does it mean when the cell is PS on the extracellular face?
- Describe two ways in which peripheral proteins adhere with the plasma membrane.
- What is the difference between primary and secondary active transport?
- What is the difference between a channel protein and a carrier protein?
- At the resting state, is there a greater sodium ion concentration inside or outside of the neuronr?